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STRENGTH OF CONCRETE Is the property of hardened concrete to resist excessive strains due to induced stresses that could result to its failure, these stresses can be from internal or external factors. Strengths of hardened concrete can be distinguished from one to another regarding to type of stress or load that a concrete is required to resist, as follows 1. Compressive strength This is the ability of hardened concrete to resist compression stresses; the compression strength of concrete is the one which denotes grade of concrete, this is very important strength property of concrete than other strength properties because a). Easy to measure b). Other strength properties such as flexural shear and bond strengths they can be deduced from compressive strength through established correlations. Compression strength of concrete is measured through standard uniaxial compression test, which can be performed on concrete cubes or cylinders. On going compression strength testing of concrete cub

  INTRODUCTION Angular measurement is the measurement of angular distances between two directions establishes either horizontally or vertically. Angular measurement can be measurement by using various kinds of instruments with different accuracies such as compass, theodolite, total stations and GPS. Angular measurement systems In surveying we have three systems of angular measurements that are used in various countries and regions across the globe this is due to difference in standard codes and researches. Here we have sexagesimal system, centesimal system and radian system. Circle division in different systems 1. Sexagesimal system This is the system in which earth as circle is divided into 360 equal parts known as degree; this system of angular measurement is used in many countries in the world including UK. In this system angular distances (angles) are measured in degrees ( 0 ), minutes (‘), and seconds (“), where by 1 0 = 60’ and 1’ =- 60”.  2.  Centesimal system

Reinforced Concrete as the composite structural material of reinforcements and concrete is mostly popular construction material in the world due to its properties. During construction of reinforced concrete structures, always reinforcements are not left exposed to the environment due to different factors, a concrete portion that keep reinforcements away from environmental exposure is what called concrete cover . In construction of different of structures there is provision of concrete covers of different sizes (thickness), in this post we will look on concrete cover its purpose for application and how its size is desired. Reasons for provision of concrete cover 1. Provision of thermal insulation and fire protection to reinforcements. Concrete is one of materials forming reinforced concrete, is most highly fire resistive material in construction. At high temperature that could be due to uncontrolled fire properties such as strength, modulus of elasticity of different materials are r