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  What is stirrups? These are steel bars that are tied perpendicular to main bars in columns and beams, mostly they are smaller in size when compared to main bars. They are also called ties when used in column, they perform the same functions in beams and columns. Purpose of stirrups in reinforced structural element.  1. Prevent bulging out of main reinforcements in columns and beams. Bulging out of reinforcements is the sideway displacement of bars perpendicular to a axial of structural member.  2. Prevent movement of reinforcements during concreting. Stirrups hold reinforcements in their position during concrete pouring and concrete vibrating, such that they maintains member cover and spacing between bars.     3. It provides resistance against shear and torsion. Shear force is the one that acts or results perpendicular to axial loading, this force causes cut off of structural member mostly diagonally across it. Concrete has limited shear strength depending to its characteristics stre